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Weekly Piracy Report - 22 Jun

June 24, 2012 - 10:28:40 UTC
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16 - 22 June 2012

Joy & sadness; talk is cheap but lives are not -  Happy to get their freedom back, South African couple released after 20 months, but desparation for 7-crew dhow hijacked this week. Joint report on Humanitarian Cost of Somali Piracy launched. Pirate groups take their frustrations out on each other as Puntland force said to be closing down. Tactical progress but strategic context unchanged, says EUNAVFOR boss - piracy issue is not cracked. 2011 saw a 40% drop in 'successful' attacks compared to 2010, but 35 seafarer deaths in 2011. Iran foils yet another pirate attack. Nigeria's draft Piracy bill presented to stakeholders. UK Royal Navy and French Navy warships visit West Africa for a joint maritime training and operations. ReCAAP monthly report shows less incidents, OCEANUSLive provides global stats. Pirate negotiator/translator claims that he was as much a prisoner as ships' crew. Delegates hear considerations behind GUARDCON contract, but kindly explain all the acronyms for maritime security. Attempts to cease ransom payments continues to raise concerns for seafarer wellbeing. Unless alternative option to ransoms found, seafarers will suffer; UK banks dollar holding dwindling due to ransom payments. Netherlands to boost funding in fight against piracy with personnel, aircraft and submarine provided to NATO mission. Very little linkage and cooperation between the EU and Asia on piracy issues; ASEAN Regional Forum looks to draw in EU. EU Special Envoy to Somalia claims fresh report that pirates are in business with Italian gangsters on toxic waste. Piracy in the Middle East for 10 years, yet no solution claims 'Right of Passage' seminar. Mariner's 2011 blog laments the impact of piracy on his livelihood.Two seamen claim against company in Federal Court for negligence, unseaworthiness, and emotional distress as pirate hostages. Restrictions on satellite phones in/near India could create problems for ships and security teams. Massive gas discoveries offshore in Mozambique and Tanzania could see piracy migrate. Despite the perceived inactivity during the southern monsoon season, hijack and attacks took place, including the first attempt on a high-sided LNG tanker.

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Extract of Weekly Newsletter; read full newsletter HERE.

Regional Activity

East Africa

At least one person was reportedly killed and many others were injured as two heavily armed Somali pirate groups fired at each other in the coastal district Hobyo, Mudug region on Monday morning, reports said - Shabelle.net.

Witnesses in Hobyo town, north-central Mudug region of Somalia, said the fighting erupted when a bunch of pirates tried to apprehend forcibly another pirate gang in the group, and then started firing guns at each other.

“We woke up this morning hearing the barrage of bullets and sounds of artillery fire exchanging between two groups of Somali pirates in Hobyo town. The fighting continued for hours and one pirate has been slain in that combat, a resident told Shabelle Media via phone from Hobyo.

According to the latest reports indicated that the situation returned to calm and the skirmish subsided. The fighting halted for moment the movement of people and vehicles, frustrating locals.

The town of Hobyo in Mudug region of –North-central Somalia is believed to be one of pirates hide outs in the country where they can operate without much interference.

Somali pirates have attacked hundreds of vessels in the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean region, though most attacks do not result in a successful hijacking.

On Wednesday June 6th, the principals of Sterling Corporate Services (SCS) were summoned to a meeting in the UAE - Somalia Report. The sponsors of the two-year-old program announced to SCS that funding was to cease and that all expatriates (expats) must be out of Somalia by the end of June. The move came as a surprise since not only had the program just reached its operational status but a series of lightening raids had sent pirates along the coast of Puntland into a chaotic retreat. The program was already in financial arrears and the short notice and slammed wallet caused a serious shortage of operational funds.
MTs Royal Grace & Smyrni - Photo: Somalia Report
The widely spread out group of around one hundred mostly African and South African expats and their approximately 800 Somali Marines of the Puntland Marine Police Force (PMPF) were left stranded with no cash for food, fuel or salaries.
Back at the PMPF base, just west of Bosaso airport, there now sits millions of dollars in heavy construction equipment, fixed and rotary wing aircraft, ocean-going ships, RHIBs, heavy transport trucks and 4X4 vehicles that suddenly became idle.
Pirates like Isse Yulux who had fled the PMPF with his two hijacked tankers from Hafun to Calulla must have breathed a sigh of relief as he anxiously awaited a hastily negotiated ransom drop. Read more.
Following the Puntland Forces attempt to capture a lead pirate recently, MTs Smyrni and Royal Grace were move to the north coast of Somalia away from the east cost near Bargaal. They have since been reported to have moved once more near to a coastal village in the Bari region; a risky tactic by the pirate gang, comments Somalia Report.

West Africa

Violence at sea is also brewing in another African gulf: the Gulf of Guinea (GG) - Al Jazeera. The increase in the number of attacks in 2011 in the GG and the fear that this would further increase in 2012 have prompted analysts to question whether foreign navies will intervene to shore up maritime security in the region as they did in waters off the coast of Somalia (Baldauf, 2012). It is in this light that this article examines the dynamics of piracy in the GG region by highlighting, the trend in piracy in the region, contributing factors underlying the scourge, implications of piracy for the region and efforts being made to suppress violence at sea in the region.

The Gulf of Guinea Region in Geostrategic and Maritime Perspectives

Before delving into the dynamics of piracy in the GG, it is apposite that we understand the area referred to as the GG. There is no universally agreed geographical definition of the GG. The region is defined here as the part of the Atlantic Ocean southwest of Africa. Almost too obtuse to be a gulf, the region encompasses over a dozen countries from West and Central Africa, namely; Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, São Tomé and Príncipe,  Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo (see figure 2 below). It is located more strictly by the intersection of Latitude 00 (Equator) and Longitude 00 (Greenwich Meridian) (Anene, 2006:40). Read the full article HERE.

The Nigeria Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) has presented the Draft Piracy and other Unlawful Acts at Sea Bill to industry stakeholders in Lagos - The Nation.

The draft bill, which relies on the various treaties of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) ratified by Nigeria, is expected to provide a regulatory framework for defining piracy, prosecuting and punishing criminals.

At the event, NIMASA Director-General Mr Ziakede Akpobolokemi underscored the negative impact of piracy, saying about $3 billion is lost yearly to sea robbery globally, adding that Nigeria is a major contributor. Read more.

Southeast Asia

In May 2012, a total of seven incidents comprising one piracy incident and six armed robbery against ships incidents were reported in Asia, reports ReCAAP. Compared to the same period in 2011 and 2010, there has been an improvement in the situation in May 2012. This was due to the decrease in the number of petty theft incidents which occurred mostly at ports and anchorages Read full report HERE [PDF].

ReCAAP ISC urges all vessels to keep a lookout for Wantas 6 and report sightings of the vessel to the nearest coastal State.

Piracy/Robbery at Sea Stats for May 2012 Chart
Statistics

Reports have indicated a reduction in piracy and robbery incidents at sea recently, however, May 2012, according to OCEANUSLive records, show that 31 incidents took place in May 2012, the same amount as seen in April 2012, although this is a reduction on the same period in 2011. Read the full list HERE [PDF].

Release by Pirates

Somalia's defense minister says that two South Africans who were taken by Somali pirates in late 2010 have been freed - OCEANUSLive.

Defense Minister Hussein Arab Isse told a news conference in Mogadishu Thursday that Deborah Calitz and Bruno Pelizzari have been released. The two were at the presidential palace in Somalia's capital.

The two were captured in late 2010 from a yacht, Choizil, off the coast of Tanzania. The pirates originally demanded a ransom of $10 million.

The South Africans' 20-month captivity is among the longest periods hostages have been held by pirates in Somalia.

A family member of a South African couple who were freed from Somali pirates denied Thursday that ransom had been paid, contradicting an earlier statement by another relative - StarAfrica.com.Bruno & Deborah Freed - Photo: IOL.co.za
Somali authorities said a joint raid by security forces and the army had led to the freeing of the couple from "Al-Qaeda-affiliated" insurgents. South Africa said Italy was also heavily involved in the operation.
Nora Wright, the sister of one of the hostages, Bruno Pelizzari, said $500,000 in ransom had been agreed with the pirates two weeks ago, but that she was unaware of any money having been paid to secure their release.
"An amount was agreed to and everything happened very fast," said Wright, who said she is one of the three signatory to the bank account set up by the family to raise the ransom. "I can't confirm whether ransom was paid." Read moreImage - IOL.co.za
 
Pirates in Court


A man accused of being one of the Somali pirates involved in the 71-day siege of a Danish ship in the Gulf of Aden can claim that the actual pirates were using him as a translator, a federal judge ruled - Courthouse News Service.

Pirate took over M/V CEC Future on Nov. 7, 2008, while the ship was transporting cargo for Texas-based McDermott International.

After using AK-47s, a rocket-propelled grenade and handguns to seize the vessel, the pirates held the cargo and 13 crew members as hostage for 71 days, until the ship's Danish owner, the Clipper Group, delivered a $1.7 million ransom.

Ali Mohamed Ali, who faces charges of conspiracy, aiding and abetting, piracy, and hostage related to the incident, claims that he was as much a prisoner as the CEC Future's crew. Read more. 


Over 70 delegates gathered in London last Thursday to participate in what proved to be a highly interactive day-long session to discuss the core issues and practicalities of using the GUARDCON contract for the employment of security guards on ships - BIMCO. The seminar was moderated by Soren Larsen, Deputy Secretary General of BIMCO. Among the audience were representatives of the end users of the contract – ship owners and private maritime security companies – as well as those that advise them – the P&I clubs and law firms. The seminar provided a unique opportunity to hear from those actually responsible for drafting GUARDCON what considerations and issues had been taken into account.

The morning session was given over to detailed presentations on the key provisions of GUARDCON. The two lawyers from the drafting group, Elinor Dautlich of Holman Fenwick Willan and Stephen Askins of Ince & Co, outlined the thinking behind the clauses dealing with obligations, responsibilities and liabilities, while Chris South of the West of England P&I Club (who represented the International Group on the drafting team) explained the all-important insurance provisions. Read the full article HERE.

Maritime Security. What is the meaning of so many acronyms for maritime private security, armed or not, that show up each week? Here is a list of a few we have come across:

PMSC - Private Maritime Security Company

PCASP - Private Company (or Contracted) Armed Security Personnel (or Provider)

AST - Armed Security Team

EST - Embarked Secuirty Team (armed/unarmed)

VPD - Vessel Protection Detachment (generally Military provided personnel)

VPT - Vessel Protection Team

AVPD - Autonomous Vessel Protection Detail (armed/unarmed)

PAST - Private Armed Security Team. 

International Response

A senior Iranian official says the country’s naval forces are actively conducting anti-piracy patrols in the international waters and providing escort to Iranian as well as foreign cargo vessels - PressTV.

Director General of Maritime Affairs at Iran's Ports and Shipping Organization Ali Estiri said on Saturday that Iran will maintain its “powerful presence” in the high seas as long as piracy exists. 

Estiri further noted that the issue of piracy has been on the rise in the recent years, especially off the coast of Somalia and in the Indian Ocean.  Read more.

Iran has called for collective efforts to fight sea piracy in the world - Bar Kulan.

Iran’s Director-General of Ports and Shipping Organization for Maritime Affairs Ali Estiri said collective efforts by the international community are essential in an all-out fight against piracy.

He said that Iran will maintain its “powerful presence” in the high seas as long as piracy exists, adding the issue of piracy has been on the rise in the recent years, especially off the coast of Somalia.

The Iranian Navy has been conducting anti-piracy patrols in the Gulf of Aden since November 2008, when Somali pirates hijacked the Iranian-chartered cargo ship, MV Delight, off the coast of Yemen.

According to UN Security Council resolutions, different countries can send their warships to the Gulf of Aden and coastal waters of Somalia against the pirates and even with prior notice to Somali government enter the territorial waters of that country in pursuit of Somali sea pirates.

The Gulf of Aden – which links the Indian Ocean with the Suez Canal and the Mediterranean Sea – is an important energy corridor, particularly because Persian Gulf oil is shipped to the West through the Suez Canal.

More than twenty organisations and twenty seven countries were represented at the 24th Shared Awareness and Deconfliction (SHADE) conference - CMF.  Delegates included senior personnel from partner navies, law enforcement agencies, the shipping industry and various governments. The meeting, held every three months, focuses on improving cooperation and coordination of the maritime forces operating in the region while considering new initiatives and programs designed to disrupt, and ultimately, prevent, future pirate attacks.

The 24th SHADE meeting was hosted by Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) a professional, capable and alert partnership of 26 nations working together in an apolitical environment to create maritime security and stability in the region.  CMF’s Chief of Staff, Capt John Carter, U.S. Navy chaired the event which consisted of a number of presentations and discussions that explored topical, innovative and ongoing initiatives to prevent piracy. Read more.

Leaders of international maritime trade unions have written a letter to the UN, urging the organisation to take action against increasing attacks by pirates on civilian vessels - Zee News.

Somali pirates pose a significant threat in the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea, where they have robbed and seized numerous vessels. Some shipping firms have started hiring armed security personnel to protect their ships.

Nikolai Sukhanov, chairman of the Russian Professional Union of Sailors, said: "Cases of sailors' abductions by pirates continue. Representatives of the fisheries committees with the International Transport Federation voice concern that sailors are still objected to humiliation and injuries as they are abducted by pirates." 

"Unfortunately, ransom is still the only guarantee for a safe liberation of sailors, but trade union leaders note that some countries want to prohibit paying ransom," he said. 

If payment of ransom for the release of captured sailors is ruled as illegal, it would lead to unpredictable consequences and jeopardize the lives of sailors.

Six African nations are in the top 10 of an annual failed-state index, including Somalia, which heads the list for the fifth straight year after continued struggles with lawlessness and piracy - CNN.AU Troops in Somalia

Somalia tops the 2012 Failed States Index because of “widespread lawlessness, ineffective government, terrorism, insurgency, crime, and well-publicized pirate attacks against foreign vessels,” the list’s compiler, Washington-based nonprofit Fund for Peace, said on its website Monday.

The group’s eighth annual list, which ranks instability risks of 177 nations based on 12 social, economic and political indicators, was published Monday by Foreign Policy magazine. Nations ranking high on the list aren’t necessarily failed states, but are facing enormous pressure stemming from factors such as uneven development, economic decline and human-rights issues, according to Fund for Peace. Read the full list HERE.

The Netherlands will boost its military contribution to the NATO force fighting piracy in Somali waters after the country's Parliament approved funding - UPI.com.

The Dutch Parliament voted last week to spend $16.5 million to provide extra personnel, two Cougar helicopters and an unmanned aerial vehicle to join Operation Ocean Shield, in which NATO warships and aircraft have been patrolling the waters off the Horn of Africa.

Also part of the new deployment will be an additional submarine to join the mission in the second half of 2012, Radio Netherlands reported. Read more. 

Piracy Costs

The fight against Somali pirates, responsible for hijacking about 170 vessels in four years, is starting to draw in British banks, until now [one of] the main source of the stacks of dollars used to pay ransoms - Bloomberg.

The supply of dollars from U.K. banks dwindled since Prime Minister David Cameron created a 14-nation task force in February to halt payments, said Michele White, the general counsel to the International Association of Independent Tanker Owners, the industry’s biggest trade group. Ransoms reached $160 million last year, according to One Earth Future Foundation, a nonprofit group based in Broomfield, Colorado.

Governments, which spent almost $1.3 billion in 2011 on military interventions including naval patrols, are seeking to restrict the payments because they encourage more hijackings by pirates in Somalia, the world’s fifth-poorest nation. The banking curbs will make it harder for ship owners and insurers to get back the 227 seafarers and 12 vessels still held hostage.

“The only way you release a crew is by payment,” said Cyrus Mody, the assistant director of the International Maritime Bureau in London, which tracks piracy. “It’s true that ransoms are the key fact that keep piracy going, but unless there’s another option available, then pirates are going to take out their frustrations on the crew if they aren’t paid.” Read more.

Massive offshore gas discoveries in East Africa are catapulting the region into a major player in the global energy arena, bringing billions in investment that could transform entire economies - France24.

Off the pristine beaches of Africa's Indian Ocean coast, multinationals have struck gas -- well upon well upon well.

Planned investments worth tens of billions exceed the gross domestic products of some host countries, which range from regional power Kenya to impoverished Mozambique.

East Africa's coastal region, stretching out to Seychelles holds 441.1 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, according to the US Geological Survey. That's about 50 percent more than in Saudi Arabia.

"The gas discoveries offshore in Mozambique and Tanzania are large and world-class, with potential for more to come, including prospects for an oil leg," said Duncan Clarke, CEO of oil consulting company Global Pacific.

"These finds will lead to LNG (liquefied natural gas) plants ... and will make the zone akin to the Northwest Shelf in Australia," which can produce 23 billion cubic meters a year, he told AFP. Read more. 

At the recent Maritime Security seminar in London, 'Rights of Passage' delegates were reminded of the importance of keeping sealanes open - PGC Global.
Carl Johan-Hagman CEO of Stena continued the theme by contrasting it against the greatest challenge to Maritime Security: Piracy. He expressed exasperation, ‘Piracy in the middle east, we’ve had it for 10 years, it is frustrating we still have no solution.’ Read more. 

Slowly and subtly political policies sometimes change, and it is necessary to keep a very sharp antenna tuned to the vibrations that emanate from the political classes, lest one be caught unawares - BIMCO Watchkeeper.

It was earlier this year, at the conference hosted by the British Government in London to discuss the various problems of Somalia, that the matter of ransoms was first obliquely touched on. Perhaps this had been prefaced by various noises hostile to ransom payment coming from Washington, but the inference has clearly been that the payment of ransoms to pirates for the return of captured ships has been merely fuelling the continuance of the problem, in the view of some officials. 

The message from the London conference was largely seen to be one of disapproval of the payment of ransoms, one that caused a certain amount of dismay in the maritime world, not least in those countries whose nationals have formed the largest part of the hostage “community”. There is now concern that a task force on ransoms recently formed may be undertaking its work with the aim of making the payment of ransoms, if not illegal, at least more difficult, and the welfare of hostages thus put at risk by such policies. Read more.



Somali pirates seizing Indian Ocean ships were responsible for at least 35 hostage deaths in 2011, a report showed on Friday, with levels of violence rising - Reuters.

The number of prisoners taken by pirates fell to 555, at least, in 2011 from 645 in 2010, the report by the U.S.-based One Earth Future foundation and International Maritime Bureau said.

Eight were known to have been killed by their captors either during their initial capture or were executed later, it said, with another eight dying of malnutrition or disease. The remainder were killed either during rescue attempts by military forces or while trying to escape.

While solid data on previous years is limited, the total of 35 is seen as by far the highest number of piracy-related fatalities in a single year.

"We know these figures are almost certainly an underestimate," project manager Kaija Hurlburt told Reuters. "A lot of the ships now being taken are regional dhows that are often never reported. They might have 12 to 20 people aboard each time."

Despite a major naval effort by several nations, hundreds of young Somalis engage in piracy every year in the hope of ransoms that can run to millions of dollars.

More than 40 percent said that at some stage they had been used as human shields, often when pirates sailed captured vessels back out to sea to act as mother ships for new attacks. Read more. 

A report highlighting latest details of the plight of seafarers at the hands of Somali pirates launched on Friday 22nd June at a press conference in London - OCEANUSLive. The report, The Human Cost of Piracy 2011, is written jointly by Kaija Hurlburt of One Earth Future for its Oceans Beyond Piracy project and by the International Maritime Bureau. Read full report HERE [PDF]. 

Piracy - The Human Cost. Video report HERE. The video is to be played at the conference to be held in Dubai. 

And Finally...

The Director General of India has recently issued DGS Order No.02 of 2012 which bans the use of Thuraya, Iridium, and other satellite phones in India and in Indian waters under section six (6) of Indian Wireless Act section 20 of Indian Telegraph Act - North England P&I Club.

Satellite phones may still be used on a case by case basis but only after a No Objection Certificate is applied for and issued by the Department of Telecommunications (DOT)

Vessels with satellite phones onboard must include the phone(s) particulars when submitting their Pre Arrival Notification on Security (PANS).

Members should be aware that there are Thuraya handsets that have a dual-mode feature that allows them to operate as satellite phones and GSM terrestrial mobile phones; this may impact use of these phones in India as GSM phones until the No Objection Certificate has been issued.

Piracy Incidents

Hijacks:
  • Arabian Sea - Dhow reported hijacked by pirates at 1200 UTC in position 20:29N - 059:03E, 13nm NE of Masirah Island, Oman. 8 pirates aboard 1 skiff working with a mothership attacked the dhow. Reports also indicate that after the capture pirates may have left this dhow to hunt for other vessels. Seven crew taken hostage. Reported 20 Jun.

Unsuccessful Attacks/Robberies (All regions):

  • Gulf of Oman - LATE Report | Persons in four boats chased a chemical tanker underway at 1736 UTC in position 24:52.1N - 056:38.3E, around 12nm East of Al Bulaydah, Oman. Two boats spread in an interval of 20 mins and one boat approached from stern and positioned itself not more than five metres from the tanker's poop deck. Master raised alarm, took evasive manoeuvres and non-essential crew mustered in the citadel. Ship's whistle was sounded continuously and the search light directed towards the third boat. The boat altered course and moved away. The remaining three boats passed very close to the tanker's side without stopping. After 20 mins a further two boats approached the tanker from stern, one from port and the other from stbd. Master took anti-piracy preventive measures, directed search light and noticed four persons in one boat and five on the other boat. After 15 mins, the boats increased speed and moved away due to the hardening measures observed on the tanker. Reported (via IMB) 9 Jun.

  • Red Sea - LATE Report | A Panama-flagged tanker, Pacific Galaxy, underway noticed a white skiff with two outboard motors approach her at more than 25 knots at 0300 UTC in position 13:20.2N – 042:56.9E, Red Sea. Initially two pirates were observed in the skiff and as the skiff closed five more were observed to surface from the skiff floor. As the skiff continued to approach aggressively and at a distance of around 200 meters from the tanker the Master authorised the armed team to fire warning shots. After around 1 hour 25 minutes another two white skiffs with twin outboard motors and doing more than 25 knots were observed approaching the tanker. The armed team again showed their weapons, fired rocket flares and at a distance of 200 meters fired warning shots. In both incidents the non essential crew retreated into the citadel, a distress was sent for assistance. A surveillance aircraft was dispatched which arrived at the location. Originally reported (via IMB) 12 Jun.

  • Arabian Sea - Marshall Islands LNG tanker, LNG Aries, came under attack by a single skiff with 5-6 POB at 0528 UTC in position 20:50N - 059:30E, approx 35nm NE of Masirah Island, Oman. LNG Aries Attacked by Pirates - World Maritime NewsLater reports state that pirates in a dhow fired guns and RPG at the tanker after closing to 50 meters. 3 shots hit the tanker. Anti piracy measures were initiated resulting in evading the boarding attempt. Reported 20 Jun. Pirates have targeted relatively low-lying crude oil tankers as their potential loot and attempted to hijack some of them, but this is the first reported attempt of capturing a high-sided LNG tanker.

Somalia Report states 8 ships (unknown FVs) with 255 hostages and a further 27 hostages held on land bringing the number to 282 held.  The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) figures at 18 June are: 12 vessels and 178 seafarers held hostage. UKMTO figures state 17 vessels held with 223 hostage in captivity.

Vessels are reminded that the coalition forces' warships may not be in the vicinity of a pirate attack, subsequently, it is emphasised that seafarers can greatly reduce their chances of being pirated if they follow precautions as recommended in the Best Management Practices, increasing speed and carrying out evasive manoeuvres is a proven deterrent to piracy attacks. BMP version 4 is available at the link above; a high resolution version can be downloaded here.

Vessels are advised to exercise extreme caution when navigating in the vicinity of any reported positions of attacks and maintain maximum CPA with any ship acting suspiciously. Additionally, registration of vessel movement with MSC(HOA) prior to transiting the region is recommended.

Situational Map
An interactive version of this situational map is available through registration of verified access to OCEANUSLive
Weekly Pirate Activity Map - 16 - 22 Jun

Horn of Africa Pirate Activity (Click on Map for Larger View
OCEANUSLive.org permits the reproduction of this image providing source and link are published (
Map ToU)
Any suspicious activity should be reported to UKMTO in Dubai in the first instance (Email UKMTO or Telephone+971 50 552 3215) and on entering the UKMTO Voluntary Reporting Area (VRA) bound by Suez, 78E and 10S.

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